2010年12月真题复合式听写

Psychologists are finding that hope plays a surprisingly vital role in giving people a measurable advantage in realms as

diverse as academic achievement, bearing up in tough jobs and coping with

tragic illness. And, by contrast, the loss of hope is turning out to be a stronger sign that a person may

commit suicide than other factors long thought to be more likely risks. "Hope has proven a powerful predictor of

outcome in every study we’ve done so far," said Dr. Charles R. Snyder, a psychologist who has devised a

scale to assess how much hope a person has. For example, in research with 3,920 college students, Dr. Snyder and his

colleagues found that the level of hope among freshmen at the beginning of their first semester was a more

accurate predictor of their college grades than were their S.A.T. scores or their grade point

averages in high school, the two measures most commonly used to predict college performance. "

Students with high hope set themselves higher goals and know how to work to attain them ,"Dr. Snyder said. "When you compare students of equivalent intelligence and past academic achievements, what sets them apart is hope." In devising a way to assess hope scientifically, Dr. Snyder

went beyond the simple notion that hope is merely the sense that everything will turn out all right . "That notion is not concrete enough, and it blurs two key components of hope," Dr. Snyder said. "

Having hope means believing you have both the will and the way to accomplish your goals whatever they may be ."

心理学家发现，在给予人们在各种领域的不同的学术成就的重要有利条件方面，希望扮演了令人惊奇的至关重要的角色，（例如）坚持困难的工作和对抗悲惨的疾病。并且相比之下，缺失希望被证明为是一个人可能自杀的更重要的暗示，比其他因素，长期以来都被认为是更有可能的风险的。 “我们至今做过的所有研究结果都证明，希望是一个重要的预言器。”Snyder博士说，他是一名心理学家，设计出了一个人有多少希望的评定等级。 例如，在对3920名大学生做的调查中，Snyder博士和他的同事发现，大一新生在他们第一学期的希望等级，更能精确地预测他们的大学成绩，对比起他们的S.A.T.成绩或是他们高中的平均成绩，这两项测试曾普遍地被用来预测大学表现。 “有更高期望的学生，会给自己定位更高目标，而且知道怎样做去实现它们。”Snyder博士说，“当你比较有相同智商和已有的学术成果的学生时，把他们区分开的就是（他们的）希望。” 为了科学地设计希望等级，Snyder博士超越了简单的概念——希望仅仅是一切将变好的感觉。“那个概念不够清楚，而且希望是有两个难以区分的关键组成”，Snyder博士说，“有希望意味着相信你同时有意愿，和实现你的目标的方法，不论它们是什么。”